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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. 1,689 were built in the United States, 660 in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 125 in Canada, and others in Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, Serbia, the Caribbean, Mauritius, Malaysia and Fiji. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a personal connection, namely his home-town in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, area. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas. In later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie. ==History== The first of Carnegie's public libraries was in his birthplace, Dunfermline,Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker〔Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Walker〕 and would open in 1883. The locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with a carved motto - "Let there be light" at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his adopted hometown of Allegheny, Pennsylvania (now the North Side of Pittsburgh). In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA. The building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. The first Carnegie library to open in the United States was in 1889 in Braddock, Pennsylvania, about 9 miles up the river from Pittsburgh, and home to one of the Carnegie Steel Company's mills. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned, 1887, and was the first of just four libraries that he fully endowed. An 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest. These would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America, 6 out of the first 7, 7 of the first 10, and 9 of the first 13 libraries he commissioned are all found in Southwestern Pennsylvania. Architectural critic Patricia Lowry wrote "to this day, Carnegie's free-to-the-people libraries remain Pittsburgh's most significant cultural export, a gift that has shaped the minds and lives of millions."〔http://old.post-gazette.com/ae/20030302carnegie2.asp〕 Until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Since this marked the first time that Carnegie had funded a library in which he had no personal ties, it helped initiate the funding model that would be used by Carnegie for thousands of additional libraries.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Carnegie Historical Museum - Fairfield Cultural District )〕 Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded a dramatic increase in the number of libraries. This coincided with the rise of women's clubs in the post-Civil War period, which were most responsible for organizing efforts to establish libraries, including long-term fundraising and lobbying within their communities to support operations and collections.〔Paula D. Watson, “Founding Mothers: The Contribution of Women’s Organizations to Public Library Development in the United States”, ''Library Quarterly'', Vol. 64, Issue 3, 1994, p.236〕 They led the establishment of 75-80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country.〔Teva Scheer, “The “Praxis” Side of the Equation: Club Women and American Public Administration”, ''Administrative Theory & Praxis'', Vol. 24, Issue 3, 2002, p.525〕 Carnegie believed in giving to the "industrious and ambitious; not those who need everything done for them, but those who, being most anxious and able to help themselves, deserve and will be benefited by help from others."〔Andrew Carnegie, ("The Best Fields for Philanthropy" ), ''The North American Review'', Volume 149, Issue 397, December, 1889 from the Cornell University Library website〕 Under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans. For example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library.〔This library has been discussed in Cheryl Knott Malone's essay, "Houston's Colored Carnegie Library, 1907–1922", which while still in manuscript won the Justin Winsor Prize in 1997. Accessed on-line August 2008 in a (revised version )〕 The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, who had been excluded from the public library. The privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group then petitioned for and received funds from Carnegie.〔Live Oak Public Libraries: Library History, http://www.liveoakpl.org/about/library-history.php (main page) http://www.liveoakpl.org/upload/CarnegieLibrary100th.pdf (details), accessed August 17, 2014.〕 Future U.S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he frequently used it as a boy, before the library system was desegregated.〔Clarence Thomas, ''(My Grandfather's Son: A Memoir )'', HarperCollins, 2008, pp. 17, 29, 30, Google Books 〕 Most of the library buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival, and Spanish Colonial. Scottish Baronial was one of the styles used in Carnegie's native Scotland. Each style was chosen by the community, although as the years went by James Bertram, Carnegie's secretary, became less tolerant of designs which were not to his taste.〔( NPS: Obtaining a Carnegie Library )〕 Edward Lippincott Tilton, a friend often recommended by Bertram, designed many of the buildings. The architecture was typically simple and formal, welcoming patrons to enter through a prominent doorway, nearly always accessed via a staircase. The entry staircase symbolized a person's elevation by learning. Similarly, outside virtually every library was a lamppost or lantern, meant as a symbol of enlightenment. In the early 20th century, a Carnegie library was often the most imposing structure in hundreds of small American communities. File:BCL 1024x768.jpg|Carnegie Free Library of Braddock in Braddock, Pennsylvania, built in 1888, was the first Carnegie Library in the United States to open (1889) and the first of four to be fully endowed. File:Edinburgh Central Library, George IV Bridge.JPG|Edinburgh Central Library, opened on 9 June 1890. File:carnegie lib 640 03 2.jpg| Detail of the entrance to the Carnegie Library in Avondale, Cincinnati (1902) (Spanish colonial style). File:Former Carnegie library in Columbia-Tusculum.jpg|Carnegie library in Columbia-Tusculum, Cincinnati (1906) in the Beaux-Arts style. File:Houston Carnegie Library 1904.jpg|Carnegie Library in Houston, Texas (1904). The building was deemed too small fifteen years after it was built. File:Teddington Carnegie Library.jpg|Carnegie Library in Teddington, England, was built in 1906 in Edwardian Baroque style. Image:Govanhill library.jpg| Govan & Crosshill District Library, Scotland, built in 1906 by architect James Robert Rhind. File:Carnegie Library, San Antonio, Texas.jpg|Carnegie Library, San Antonio, Texas (1900-1924). File:GrassValley CARoyceLibarary.JPG| Carnegie Library opened in 1916 in Grass Valley, California, (neoclassical style). File:Univerzitetska biblioteka, Beograd 05.jpg|Carnegie Library in Belgrade, Serbia - Belgrade University Library, built in 1921. Image:Yorkville Library.jpg|Yorkville Library, one of the Carnegie libraries in Toronto, Ontario. File:Carnegie Public Library - geograph.org.uk - 1194198.jpg| Carnegie Library in Hull, England, now houses the Carnegie Heritage Centre, (Half-timbered architecture). File:IronMountainCarnegieLibraryFront.jpg|Carnegie Library in Iron Mountain, Michigan. It now houses a history museum. File:Carnegie Library, Waupun Wisconsin.jpg|Carnegie Library, Waupun, Wisconsin. File:Union Library.jpg|The Carnegie Library in Union, Oregon. File:Carnegie Library Davenport, IA.jpg|Carnegie Library building in Davenport, Iowa.(1889-1966) File:The Carnegie Library, Edward Street, Portadown. - geograph.org.uk - 574774.jpg|The Carnegie Library in Portadown, Northern Ireland. File:Carnegie Library of Wabash, Wabash County Indiana.jpg|Carnegie Library of Wabash, Wabash County Indiana File:Carnegie-Library-9724.jpg|Carnegie Library (Guthrie, Oklahoma) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Carnegie library」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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